Rabies is a life-threatening infectious disease, spread through the bite or scratch of an infected animal. However, unlike many other fatal infections, there is a chance to prevent rabies from developing if prompt medical care is sought after such an incident. To help raise awareness about rabies prevention and the importance of acting quickly, World Rabies Day is observed every year on 28 September. 

The article covers all you need to know about World Rabies Day, including its significance, the early symptoms of rabies, and what to do after an animal bite.

History and Significance of World Rabies Day

World Rabies Day was first observed on 28 September 2007, following an initiative by the Global Alliance for Rabies Control and its partners. The date was selected to commemorate the death anniversary of Louis Pasteur, the French scientist whose research played a major role in developing the first rabies vaccine. Since its launch, the day has become an annual global observance dedicated to keeping rabies on the public health agenda.

The day draws attention to the wider challenges surrounding rabies, including gaps in access to vaccines, limited public knowledge and the continued burden of dog-mediated rabies in many parts of the world. It also brings together communities, healthcare professionals, veterinarians and policymakers around the shared goal of ending human deaths from rabies.

Theme for World Rabies Day 2026

“Stronger Together” is the theme for World Rabies Day 2026. The theme highlights the importance of collaboration in the fight against rabies, bringing together communities, healthcare professionals, veterinarians, governments and other stakeholders. It emphasises that sustained progress towards rabies elimination depends on stronger coordination across human and animal health systems, as well as collective efforts to improve prevention and access to life-saving care.

What is Rabies and How Does it Spread?

Rabies is a viral infection that affects the central nervous system and is mainly transmitted through the saliva of an infected animal. It most commonly spreads when an infected animal bites or scratches a person, allowing the virus to enter the body through broken skin. Dogs are responsible for the majority of human rabies cases worldwide, although other mammals, including bats and wild animals, can also transmit the virus. The risk depends on the type of contact and the animal involved, which is why any possible exposure should be assessed by a healthcare professional rather than dismissed as a minor injury.

What are the Early Symptoms of Rabies?

Early symptoms can be mild at first and may appear similar to those of other illnesses. Common early symptoms include:

• Fever: A rise in body temperature, often accompanied by feeling unwell.

• Headache: Persistent or unusual headaches may occur.

• Weakness: General tiredness, weakness or a feeling of being unwell.

• Pain: Pain or discomfort may develop around the site of the bite or scratch.

• Tingling: Burning, itching or tingling sensations around the affected area can be an early sign.

• Nausea: Some people may experience nausea or reduced appetite.

As rabies progresses, neurological symptoms such as confusion, agitation, difficulty swallowing and abnormal behaviour can develop.

What are the Late Symptoms Of Rabies?

Once rabies reaches the nervous system, the symptoms become more severe and can progress rapidly. The later symptoms vary depending on the form of rabies, but may include:

• Severe Confusion: The person may become disoriented, have difficulty thinking clearly, or struggle to recognise familiar people and surroundings.

• Agitation: Restlessness, anxiety, irritability and sudden changes in behaviour can occur as the infection affects the brain.

• Hallucinations: Some people may see, hear or feel things that are not actually present.

• Difficulty Swallowing: Painful spasms in the throat can make swallowing difficult. These spasms may also make drinking extremely difficult.

• Hydrophobia: Often called a fear of water, this occurs because attempts to swallow liquids can trigger severe and painful throat spasms.

• Excessive Salivation: Difficulty swallowing saliva can lead to drooling and increased saliva around the mouth.

• Aerophobia: Air movement across the face, such as from a fan or breeze, may trigger painful muscle spasms in some people.

• Muscle Weakness: Weakness can gradually spread through the body and may eventually develop into paralysis.

• Breathing Difficulties: As paralysis progresses, the muscles involved in breathing may become affected, making it increasingly difficult to breathe.

• Loss Of Consciousness: In the final stages, the person may lose consciousness as the infection causes severe damage to the brain and nervous system, eventually leading to death.

Why is Immediate Care Important After an Animal Bite?

An animal bite should not be ignored simply because the wound looks small or does not hurt much. If the animal could have rabies, getting medical care quickly can help prevent the infection from developing. The key reasons immediate care matters include:

• Prevents Infection: Washing the wound thoroughly with soap and running water as soon as possible helps remove the virus from the exposed area and also reduces the risk of other wound infections.

• Allows Risk Assessment: A healthcare professional can assess the type of exposure, the animal involved and whether rabies treatment is needed.

• Enables Timely PEP: If there is a risk of rabies, post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which may include rabies vaccines and, for certain exposures, rabies immunoglobulin, can prevent the virus from progressing.

• Symptoms May Come Later: Rabies can have a variable incubation period, so a person may feel completely well immediately after a bite. Waiting for symptoms before seeking care can be dangerous.

• Prevents Fatal Disease: Once clinical symptoms of rabies develop, the disease is almost always fatal. Prompt medical attention after exposure is therefore critical, even when the injury appears minor.

What Should You Do Immediately After a Dog or Animal Bite?

If you are bitten, scratched or otherwise exposed to the saliva of an animal that could carry rabies, do not wait for symptoms to appear. Taking the following steps as soon as possible can significantly reduce the risk of infection:

• Wash The Wound: Immediately wash the bite or scratch thoroughly with soap and plenty of running water for around 15 minutes. This helps remove the virus from the wound and reduces the risk of other infections.

• Apply An Antiseptic: After washing, apply an iodine-containing antiseptic or another suitable antiseptic to the affected area, if available.

• Seek Medical Care: Visit a healthcare professional or rabies treatment centre as soon as possible, even if the wound appears minor or there is little or no bleeding.

• Get PEP If Needed: A healthcare professional will assess the exposure and determine whether you need post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), which may include rabies vaccines and, for certain serious exposures, rabies immunoglobulin.

• Follow The Vaccination Schedule: If rabies vaccination is recommended, complete the prescribed course according to the schedule given by your healthcare professional.

Why is Vaccinating Dogs Important for Rabies Elimination?

Dogs play a major role in the spread of rabies to humans, which makes dog vaccination one of the most effective ways to control transmission. Vaccinating dogs protects them from infection and reduces the chance of the virus spreading between animals and people. Some of the key reasons dog vaccination is important include:

• Breaks Transmission: When enough dogs in a community are vaccinated, the virus has fewer opportunities to spread from one animal to another and eventually reach people.

• Protects Communities: Vaccinated dogs create a layer of protection for people, particularly children and others who may come into frequent contact with animals.

• Reduces Human Cases: Preventing rabies in dogs directly lowers the risk of people being exposed to an infected animal.

• Protects Stray Dogs: Vaccination programmes also help protect free-roaming and community dogs, which may otherwise have limited access to veterinary care.

• Supports Elimination: Widespread dog vaccination is a key part of global efforts to eliminate human deaths from dog-mediated rabies.

What Can You Do on World Rabies Day 2026?

World Rabies Day is an opportunity to turn awareness into simple actions that can help protect both people and animals. On 28 September, you can take part in the fight against rabies in several ways:

• Vaccinate Your Dog: Make sure your pet's rabies vaccination is up to date and encourage other pet owners to do the same.

• Learn First Aid: Know how to properly wash a bite or scratch and why seeking medical care promptly after a possible exposure is important.

• Share Reliable Information: Help family, friends and children learn how rabies spreads, how bites can be prevented and what to do after an exposure.

• Support Vaccination Drives: Take part in or support local campaigns that vaccinate dogs, particularly free-roaming and community dogs.

• Teach Children: Help children understand how to behave safely around unfamiliar animals and encourage them to tell an adult immediately if they are bitten or scratched.

• Join Awareness Events: Participate in World Rabies Day talks, school programmes, community events or other local initiatives taking place around 28 September.

• Promote Responsible Ownership: Encourage practices such as regular vaccination, safe handling and appropriate care of pets to reduce the risk of rabies transmission.

Get Rabies Vaccination and Emergency Care at Sterling Hospitals

World Rabies Day serves as an important reminder that timely action can make a crucial difference after a possible rabies exposure. If you or a loved one has been bitten or scratched by a dog or another animal, seeking medical attention promptly is important, even if the wound appears minor. Visit the nearest Sterling Hospital for prompt medical assessment and emergency care services. The hospital's emergency team can assess the exposure, guide you on the next steps and provide rabies vaccination if required.

Lymphoma, a type of blood cancer, can be difficult to recognise because its early signs, such as painless swollen lymph nodes, unexplained fatigue, or fever can easily be mistaken for an infection or other common conditions. This can lead to a delay in diagnosis, highlighting the importance of awareness.

World Lymphoma Awareness Day, observed every year on 15 September, was established to raise awareness about the disease, promoting early diagnosis and improving understanding of treatment pathways. With that in mind, this blog explores what World Lymphoma Awareness Day stands for, why early detection matters and what lymphoma treatment can involve.

The Significance of World Lymphoma Awareness Day

Started in 2004 by the Lymphoma Coalition, the World Lymphoma Awareness Day has since grown into a global awareness initiative, bringing together patient organisations and healthcare communities to improve understanding of the disease. Its significance extends beyond diagnosis and treatment, with campaigns highlighting the emotional, psychological and practical challenges faced by people living with lymphoma and their caregivers.

Greater awareness can encourage people to pay attention to changes in their health and discuss persistent symptoms with a healthcare professional. It also helps patients and families understand that lymphoma is not one single disease and that treatment decisions depend on the specific type and characteristics of the lymphoma.

The key messages behind lymphoma awareness include:

• Recognise: Be aware of possible lymphoma symptoms.
  
• Consult: Speak with a doctor about persistent or unexplained symptoms.
  
• Support: Emotional, practical and medical support can be an important part of cancer care.

What is Lymphoma?

Lymphoma is a type of cancer that begins in the lymphatic system, a network of lymph nodes, lymph vessels and organs that forms part of the body’s immune system. It develops when certain lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, grow and divide abnormally instead of following their normal life cycle. As these abnormal cells build up, they can affect lymph nodes and other parts of the body.

There are two main categories of lymphoma:  Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes many different subtypes, which can differ in how quickly they grow, where they develop and how they respond to treatment. Because of this, lymphoma is not considered one single disease, and diagnosis and treatment depend on the specific type and characteristics of the cancer.

Recognising Lymphoma Symptoms

Lymphoma symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people may have noticeable changes such as swollen lymph nodes, while others may experience more general symptoms.

Common warning signs include:

• Swollen Lymph Nodes: A painless swelling or lump in the neck, armpit, groin or other areas may occur.
  
• Unexplained Fever: A fever without an obvious cause can sometimes be associated with lymphoma.
  
• Night Sweats: Drenching night sweats, particularly when they occur repeatedly, should be discussed with a doctor.
  
• Weight Loss: Unexplained weight loss may be a warning sign.
  
• Persistent Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or lacking energy for an extended period can occur.
  
• Itching: Some people with lymphoma experience itchy skin.
  
• Pain Or Pressure: Depending on where lymphoma develops, some people may experience pain or pressure in the chest, abdomen or bones. 
  

It is important to remember that these symptoms do not necessarily mean a person has lymphoma. Many can occur because of infections or other health conditions. However, persistent, unexplained or worsening symptoms warrant medical attention.

How is Lymphoma Diagnosed?

A diagnosis of lymphoma cannot be made based on symptoms alone. Doctors may use a combination of medical history, physical examination, blood tests, imaging and, when appropriate, a biopsy.

The diagnostic process may include:

• Medical History: The doctor may ask about symptoms, how long they have been present and relevant personal or family medical history.
  
• Physical Examination: Lymph nodes and other areas may be examined for swelling or other changes.
  
• Blood Tests: Tests such as a complete blood count and other laboratory investigations may provide useful information.
  
• Imaging: CT or PET-CT scans may be used to assess lymph nodes and other areas of the body.
  
• Biopsy: A sample of lymph node or other tissue may be examined by a pathologist to identify lymphoma cells and determine the specific type. 

A biopsy is particularly important because lymphoma includes many different subtypes. Identifying the specific type helps doctors determine the most appropriate treatment approach.

Why Timely Lymphoma Care Matters

Once lymphoma is suspected or diagnosed, timely evaluation and treatment planning can help patients understand their condition and available options without unnecessary delays.

Treatment is not the same for every person with lymphoma. Doctors consider factors such as the type of lymphoma, how quickly it is growing, its stage, the areas involved and the person's overall health.

Some lymphomas grow slowly and may initially be monitored in selected situations, while others can progress more rapidly and require prompt treatment. 

For this reason, timely lymphoma care is not simply about starting treatment quickly. It also involves obtaining an accurate diagnosis, staging the disease appropriately and developing an individualised treatment plan.

Lymphoma Treatment Options

Treatment for lymphoma has advanced significantly, and the approach depends on the specific diagnosis. Depending on the type and stage, treatment may involve one or a combination of therapies.

Common treatment approaches include:

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses medicines that travel through the bloodstream to destroy lymphoma cells or stop them from multiplying. It is commonly used for several types of lymphoma and may be given on its own or together with immunotherapy, targeted therapy or radiation therapy. The medicines, dosage and number of treatment cycles depend on the type and stage of lymphoma.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy uses medicines that help the body's immune system identify and attack lymphoma cells. Some immunotherapies use antibodies that attach to specific proteins on lymphoma cells, while others work by activating or modifying immune cells. Their use depends on the lymphoma subtype and the patient's individual treatment needs.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapies are designed to act on specific molecules or biological pathways that lymphoma cells rely on to grow and survive. Because they focus on particular targets within cancer cells, they work differently from traditional chemotherapy. Certain targeted medicines may be used alone or alongside other treatments for specific lymphoma subtypes.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to damage and destroy lymphoma cells in a particular area of the body. It may be recommended when lymphoma is limited to specific sites or as part of a combination treatment plan. The treatment is carefully planned so that the affected area receives the required dose while surrounding healthy tissue is protected as much as possible.

Stem Cell Transplant

A stem cell transplant may be considered when lymphoma requires high-dose treatment or has returned after earlier therapy. High-dose treatment can affect the bone marrow, so healthy blood-forming stem cells may be given afterwards to help the bone marrow recover. A transplant is only suitable for selected patients and depends on factors such as the lymphoma type, previous treatment and overall health.

Active Monitoring

Not every lymphoma needs to be treated as soon as it is diagnosed. Some slow-growing lymphomas may be managed through active monitoring, where the healthcare team regularly checks the patient's health, symptoms and disease status. Treatment can then be started when there are signs that it is needed rather than exposing the patient to treatment-related side effects unnecessarily.

The right treatment should always be determined by the treating oncology team after a complete evaluation.

Challenges Faced by People Living with Lymphoma

A lymphoma diagnosis can affect much more than a person’s physical health. The experience can vary depending on the type of lymphoma, treatment involved and how the disease responds, but many patients have to manage physical, emotional and practical changes throughout their care. Some of the common challenges include:

Treatment Side Effects

Lymphoma treatments can cause side effects such as fatigue, nausea, changes in appetite, hair loss, increased risk of infection and other treatment-related symptoms. Managing these effects can sometimes make everyday activities more difficult, particularly during intensive treatment.

Emotional Stress

Receiving a cancer diagnosis can bring fear, anxiety and uncertainty. Patients may worry about treatment, their prognosis or how the disease could affect their future. These feelings can continue during treatment and follow-up, even when physical symptoms are being managed.

Uncertainty

Lymphoma includes several different types and can respond differently to treatment. Patients may therefore face uncertainty around how their disease will progress, how they will respond to treatment and what the next stage of care may involve.

Changes To Daily Life

Appointments, treatment sessions and recovery periods can disrupt work, education, family responsibilities and social activities. Patients may need to adjust their routines around treatment and allow additional time for rest and recovery.

Financial Pressure

The cost of consultations, diagnostic tests, medicines, treatment, travel and time away from work can create financial strain for some patients and their families. This can add another layer of stress during an already difficult period.

How Can You Support Lymphoma Awareness?

World Lymphoma Awareness Day is also about encouraging conversations that can lead to better understanding and support.

Simple actions can help spread awareness:

Learn The Signs

Knowing the common signs of lymphoma can help people recognise when a symptom may need medical attention. Being familiar with symptoms such as persistent swollen lymph nodes, unexplained fever, night sweats, fatigue or unexplained weight loss can encourage timely consultation.

Share Information

Reliable information can help clear up common misunderstandings about lymphoma. Sharing information from trusted healthcare organisations with friends, family and your wider community can encourage more people to understand the disease and its possible symptoms.

Avoid Self-Diagnosis

Lymphoma symptoms can overlap with those of many other health conditions. Rather than assuming what a symptom means, encourage people to seek advice from a qualified healthcare professional who can assess the symptoms and recommend appropriate tests.

Encourage Consultation

Persistent or unexplained symptoms should not simply be ignored. Encouraging someone to speak to a doctor can help them understand whether further evaluation is needed.

Support Patients

Lymphoma care can involve more than medical treatment. Practical help, emotional support and simply being there for someone during diagnosis and treatment can make the experience a little easier.

Promote Awareness

World Lymphoma Awareness Day provides an opportunity to start conversations about lymphoma and the importance of early diagnosis. Taking part in awareness campaigns, educational activities or responsible social media initiatives can help spread accurate information beyond your immediate circle.

When Should You See A Doctor?

A swollen lymph node, fever or fatigue does not automatically mean lymphoma, as these symptoms can have many other causes. However, it is worth speaking with a healthcare professional in cases of: 

• Persistent Symptoms: Symptoms that do not improve or continue for longer than expected.
• Unexplained Changes: Swollen lymph nodes, fever, night sweats or weight loss without a clear cause.
• Worsening Symptoms: Changes that become more frequent, severe or noticeable over time.
• Multiple Symptoms: Two or more concerning symptoms occurring together.

Conclusion

World Lymphoma Awareness Day serves as a reminder that symptoms such as a persistent swollen lymph node, unexplained fatigue or recurring fever should not simply be dismissed when they continue without a clear cause. If you have such concerns, consult a general physician at Sterling Hospitals, who can evaluate your symptoms and refer you to a specialist if  further investigation is needed.

Sexual health is a topic that many people avoid discussing openly, due to the stigma and taboo associated with it. As a result, people end up dealing with any issues or concerns on their own, instead of getting the support and care they need. 

World Sexual Health Day is observed every year on 4 September to raise awareness and encourage people to discuss sexual health concerns without any shame or stigma.

In line with the day’s objective, this article explores the importance of the day, what good sexual health means, how to recognise common concerns, and when to seek medical care.

History and Significance of World Sexual Health Day

World Sexual Health Day was first launched in 2010 by Rosemary Coates of Australia during her presidency of the World Association for Sexual Health (WAS). It is observed every year on 4 September and brings people together across the world to promote sexual health, rights, justice and pleasure for all. 

The significance of the day lies in recognising that sexual health is a human right and should be treated as an important part of global health. It calls attention to the need for people to have access to accurate information and appropriate sexual health services, while also encouraging education, dialogue and action around sexual health and rights. 

The day also places emphasis on consent as a fundamental sexual right and recognises autonomy, respect and the right to sexual wellbeing. It encourages governments, healthcare providers, organisations, advocates and the media to contribute to improving sexual health and making it a broader health priority. 

Theme for World Sexual Health Day 2026

The theme for World Sexual Health Day 2026 is "Every Body", written intentionally as two words. It highlights that sexual health, rights, justice and pleasure belong to every person, regardless of the body they live in. The theme also recognises that people experience sexual health differently across their lives, with factors such as age, disability, illness, pregnancy, menopause and other changes affecting how sexuality is experienced. 

"Every Body" also draws attention to the wider circumstances that can shape a person's experience of sexual health. Relationships, education, healthcare services, social attitudes, laws and access to accurate information can all influence whether people are able to exercise their sexual health rights.

What Does Good Sexual Health Really Mean?

Good sexual health is not limited to the absence of sexually transmitted infections or sexual dysfunction. The World Health Organization (WHO) describes it as a state of physical, emotional, mental and social wellbeing in relation to sexuality, supported by respectful and positive sexual relationships and the ability to have safe sexual experiences free from coercion, discrimination and violence. 

In practical terms, good sexual health involves several aspects of a person's health and wellbeing, including:

• Physical Health: Good sexual health includes protecting against sexually transmitted infections, addressing sexual or reproductive health concerns, and seeking appropriate medical care when symptoms or problems arise.

• Emotional Wellbeing: Sexual health also involves feeling comfortable discussing concerns, understanding personal feelings and having healthy experiences that support emotional wellbeing.

• Safe Relationships: Healthy sexual relationships involve mutual respect, communication and consent. Sexual experiences should be free from coercion, discrimination and violence. 

• Sexual Function: Changes such as erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, pain during sex or low sexual desire can affect sexual wellbeing. Recognising these concerns and seeking medical advice when needed is part of maintaining sexual health.

• Reproductive Health: Sexual health also relates to fertility, contraception, pregnancy and decisions about having children. Access to appropriate reproductive healthcare and information is an important part of this aspect of health. 

• Accurate Information: Good sexual health depends on having reliable information about sexuality, sexual health risks, prevention and available healthcare services. Accurate information can also help people recognise concerns and seek appropriate care. 

• Respect and Autonomy: Sexual health involves having the ability to make decisions about one's body and sexuality, with privacy, dignity, equality and respect for the rights of others. 

Taken together, these aspects show that good sexual health is about overall sexual wellbeing, not simply avoiding disease. It involves physical health, emotional wellbeing, healthy and respectful relationships, access to information and healthcare, and the ability to make informed choices about one's sexual health.

What are Some Common Sexual Health Concerns?

Sexual health concerns can affect people of different ages and can involve sexual function, infections, pain, desire or reproductive health. Some concerns may be temporary, while persistent or recurring problems can benefit from medical evaluation. Common concerns include:

Erectile Dysfunction

Erectile dysfunction refers to difficulty getting or maintaining an erection firm enough for sexual activity. It can have several possible causes, including certain health conditions, medicines, stress and emotional factors. 

Premature Ejaculation

Premature ejaculation involves ejaculation that occurs sooner than desired during sexual activity. It can become a concern when it happens repeatedly and causes distress or affects sexual relationships. 

Low Sexual Desire

A reduced interest in sexual activity can occur for different reasons. Hormonal changes, physical or mental health conditions, stress, medicines and relationship concerns can all play a role. 

Pain During Sex

Pain during sexual activity can occur for several reasons and may affect people of any sex. Persistent or recurring pain should be discussed with a doctor so that the underlying cause can be assessed. 

Vaginal Dryness

Vaginal dryness can cause discomfort during sexual activity and may occur due to hormonal changes, certain medicines or other health factors. Persistent dryness, particularly when accompanied by pain or other symptoms, may require medical evaluation. 

Sexual Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are another important sexual health concern. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites, and many STIs may not cause noticeable symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they can include unusual genital discharge, genital sores or ulcers, burning during urination and lower abdominal pain. Testing and treatment can help prevent complications and further transmission. 

Fertility Concerns

Sexual health can also be closely connected with reproductive health. Concerns related to fertility, sexual function or reproductive health may sometimes require assessment by a gynaecologist, urologist or fertility specialist, depending on the concern. WHO also recognises infertility and unintended pregnancy among issues that fall within the broader area of sexual and reproductive health. 

How Can You Prevent Sexually Transmitted Infections?

Sexually transmitted infections can spread through vaginal, anal and oral sex, as well as through genital skin-to-skin contact. Many STIs may not cause noticeable symptoms, so prevention involves both reducing the risk of exposure and getting tested when appropriate. Some important ways to reduce the risk include: 

• Use Condoms: Using external or internal condoms correctly and consistently during vaginal, anal and oral sex can significantly reduce the risk of many STIs, including HIV. Condoms do not provide complete protection against infections that can spread through areas of skin not covered by the condom. 

• Get Vaccinated: Vaccination can help prevent certain sexually transmitted infections. Vaccines are available for hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV), and vaccination at the recommended age can help reduce the risk of related infections and complications. 

• Get Tested: Regular STI testing can help identify infections that may not cause symptoms. Testing can also help partners understand their STI status and seek treatment when needed. 

• Know Your Partner's STI Status: Having a mutually monogamous relationship with a partner who has been tested and does not have an STI can lower the risk of infection. Discussing testing and sexual health with partners can also help with prevention. 

• Seek Timely Care: If an STI is suspected or diagnosed, seeking medical care and following the recommended treatment can help prevent complications and reduce the chance of passing the infection to a partner. Partners may also need testing or treatment depending on the infection.

When Should You Consult a Doctor for Sexual Health Concerns?

Certain changes or symptoms related to sexual or reproductive health may need medical evaluation, particularly when they are new, persistent or unexplained. It is advisable to consult a doctor if any of the following occur:

• Unusual Discharge: Unusual discharge from the vagina or penis, particularly when it has a change in colour, consistency or odour, may indicate an infection and should be evaluated.

• Genital Sores: Sores, ulcers, blisters or unexplained lesions around the genitals, anus or mouth can occur with certain sexually transmitted infections and require medical assessment.

• Genital Itching: Persistent itching, irritation, redness or swelling around the genitals can have several causes and may require treatment.

• Painful Urination: Burning or pain during urination, especially when accompanied by discharge or genital discomfort, can be a sign of an infection.

• Pelvic Pain: Persistent pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis, particularly when associated with sexual activity, periods or urination, should be discussed with a doctor.

• Pain During Sex: Recurrent pain during sexual activity can have several underlying causes and should be evaluated rather than ignored.

• Abnormal Bleeding: Bleeding after sex, between periods or after menopause should be medically assessed to determine the underlying cause.

• Changes In Sexual Function: Ongoing erectile difficulties, premature ejaculation, reduced sexual desire or other changes in sexual function may require medical evaluation.

• Testicular Changes: Pain, swelling, a lump or a change in the size or shape of a testicle should be assessed by a doctor.

• STI Exposure: Medical advice and appropriate testing may be needed after a possible exposure to an STI, even when no symptoms are present, as some infections may not cause noticeable signs.

Seek Treatment for Sexual Health Concerns at Sterling Hospitals

This World Sexual Health Day, let’s pledge to take sexual health concerns seriously, speak about them without shame and be proactive about seeking medical care when needed. If you’re experiencing persistent or unusual symptoms, consult a doctor who can assess the symptoms, review the medical history and recommend appropriate tests to identify the underlying cause and guide treatment. Book a consultation with a specialist at Sterling Hospitals for medical advice and care for sexual health concerns.

Hepatitis A is usually a self-limiting infection, with most people making a full recovery with appropriate treatment and care. It can, however, cause severe symptoms, and in rare cases, lead to acute liver failure. Recognising the infection and seeking timely medical care, therefore, are important to reduce the risk of complications. To help, in this article, we’ll cover the symptoms, causes and treatment of hepatitis A, along with some effective prevention tips. Let’s start with understanding the disorder. 

What is Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is a contagious viral infection that causes inflammation of the liver. It is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV) and mainly spreads when a person ingests the virus through contaminated food or water or has close contact with an infected person.

Hepatitis A is an acute infection, which means it does not usually become a long-term liver infection. Most people recover completely, although symptoms can last for several weeks or, in some cases, longer. A person who recovers from hepatitis A develops lifelong immunity to the virus.

What Causes Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A is caused by the hepatitis A virus (HAV), which infects liver cells and triggers inflammation in the liver. The virus spreads primarily through the faecal-oral route, when a person ingests the virus after consuming contaminated food or water or through close contact with an infected person.

The virus can spread from an infected person even before symptoms become noticeable. Poor hand hygiene after using the toilet or changing a nappy can also allow the virus to reach food, surfaces or other people. Common routes of transmission include:

• Contaminated Food: Eating food handled by someone infected with HAV or food contaminated during preparation.

• Contaminated Water: Drinking water contaminated with faecal matter containing the virus.

• Close Contact: Having close physical contact with an infected person, particularly in households or other settings where people have frequent contact.

• Sexual Contact: Certain sexual practices involving contact with faecal matter can transmit HAV.

What are the Symptoms of Hepatitis A?

Hepatitis A does not cause noticeable symptoms in everyone, particularly in young children. When symptoms occur, they usually develop after an incubation period of around 2 to 6 weeks following infection and can range from general signs of illness to changes associated with liver inflammation.

Common symptoms of hepatitis A include:

• Fatigue: Feeling unusually tired or weak.

• Fever: A raised body temperature, often accompanied by a general feeling of illness.

• Loss of Appetite: Reduced desire to eat, which may occur with nausea.

• Nausea: A feeling of sickness that may sometimes lead to vomiting.

• Abdominal Discomfort: Pain or discomfort, particularly in the upper right side of the abdomen.

• Dark Urine: Urine may become darker than usual as bilirubin levels rise.

• Pale Stools: Stools may become unusually light or clay-coloured.

• Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by increased bilirubin levels.

• Joint Pain: Aching or discomfort in the joints, which can occur with hepatitis A.

Symptoms generally appear after the incubation period and may continue for several weeks.

How is Hepatitis A Treated?

There is no specific antiviral medicine that treats hepatitis A. Treatment mainly focuses on supporting the body while the immune system clears the virus, managing symptoms and preventing complications. Main treatment approaches include:

Oral Fluids

Adequate fluid intake helps prevent dehydration during recovery. Water, oral rehydration solutions and other suitable fluids can help replace fluids lost through vomiting, diarrhoea or reduced intake. People who struggle to drink because of persistent nausea or vomiting may need medical assessment.

IV Fluids

Intravenous fluids may be given in a hospital when oral fluid intake is inadequate or dehydration becomes significant. Fluids are delivered directly into a vein to restore hydration and maintain the body's fluid and electrolyte balance. This is generally used when a person cannot maintain adequate fluid intake by mouth.

Medicines

Medicines may be prescribed to relieve symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, fever or discomfort. Since hepatitis A affects the liver, medicines should be taken only on medical advice. A doctor may also review existing medicines and supplements to determine whether any should be temporarily stopped or adjusted during the infection.

Nutritional Support

Adequate nutrition is important during recovery, particularly when nausea or loss of appetite reduces food intake. Regular meals with sufficient calories and nutrients can help maintain strength. Smaller meals taken more frequently may be easier to tolerate when appetite is low.

Hospitalisation

Most people with hepatitis A do not need hospitalisation. Severe illness may require admission for monitoring, fluid support and management of complications. Doctors may monitor liver function, hydration and other signs of deterioration, particularly when jaundice becomes severe, vomiting persists or signs of acute liver failure develop.

How Can Hepatitis A be Prevented?

Preventing hepatitis A involves reducing exposure to the hepatitis A virus and limiting its spread. The main preventive measures include:

• Vaccination: The hepatitis A vaccine provides effective protection against HAV. The vaccination schedule varies based on age, health status and the vaccine used.

• Hand Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after using the toilet, changing nappies and before preparing or eating food. Good hand hygiene helps prevent the virus from reaching the mouth.

• Food And Water Safety: Drink safe water and eat properly cooked food. Avoid raw or undercooked shellfish from potentially contaminated water, as these can carry HAV.

• Transmission Prevention: People with hepatitis A should follow medical advice about limiting contact with others during the infectious period. Avoiding food preparation for others and maintaining good hand hygiene can help reduce the risk of transmission.

• Post-Exposure Protection: Anyone exposed to hepatitis A should seek medical advice promptly. Depending on the timing of exposure and individual circumstances, hepatitis A vaccination or immune globulin may help prevent infection.

Consult a Specialist for Hepatitis A

Jaundice, dark urine, fatigue and loss of appetite can signal that the liver is affected and should not be ignored. A gastroenterologist can assess these changes, recommend the necessary tests and determine whether hepatitis A may be the underlying cause. If the test results suggest hepatitis or require specialised liver care, the gastroenterologist may refer the patient to a hepatologist for further evaluation and treatment. Book an appointment with a gastroenterologist  at Sterling Hospitals and get these symptoms checked.

In Indian homes, eating healthy is synonymous with eating home-cooked food. However, even home-cooked meals can fall short of certain essential nutrients if the diet is not properly balanced, which can lead to nutritional deficiencies and increase the risk of health problems over time. To help prevent nutritional deficiencies and raise awareness about the importance of having a balanced diet, National Nutrition Week is observed every year in India from 1 to 7 September. This article explores the importance of a healthy diet, essential nutrients and healthy eating habits for maintaining good health.

History and Significance of National Nutrition Week

National Nutrition Week is observed every year to raise awareness about the importance of nutrition and encourage healthier eating habits. The observance focuses on helping people understand their nutritional needs and the role that food plays in maintaining health.

In India, the first National Nutrition Week was observed in 1982 as an initiative of the Government of India. Since then, the week has been used to promote awareness about balanced diets, nutritional deficiencies and the importance of adequate nutrition across different age groups.

The Importance of Having a Healthy Diet

Food provides the body with the energy and nutrients required for everyday functions. A healthy diet supports several aspects of health, including:

• Growth And Development: Nutrients support normal physical growth and development, particularly during childhood and adolescence.
  
• Energy: Carbohydrates, fats and proteins provide energy required for daily activities and body functions.
  
• Body Repair: Protein and other nutrients help maintain and repair tissues.
  
• Immunity: Adequate nutrition supports the normal functioning of the immune system.
  
• Bone Health: Nutrients such as calcium and vitamin D support healthy bones and teeth.
  
• Disease Prevention: A balanced diet can help reduce the risk of several nutrition-related health problems.
  

Healthy eating is therefore not simply about eating less or following a restrictive diet. It is about providing the body with a varied range of nutrients through regular and balanced meals.

What Does a Balanced Diet Include?

A balanced diet includes different food groups and provides the body with the nutrients required for normal functioning. The exact amount of each nutrient can vary according to age, sex, activity level and individual health needs, but dietary variety remains an important principle.

Some of the key components of a balanced diet include:

• Carbohydrates: Rice, wheat, oats, millets, potatoes and other grains and starchy foods provide carbohydrates, which are an important source of energy. Choosing whole grains and other fibre-rich carbohydrate sources can provide additional nutritional benefits.
  
• Protein: Pulses, dals, beans, peas, soy, dairy products, eggs, fish, poultry and meat provide protein. Protein is required for growth, tissue repair and maintenance of muscles and other body tissues.
  
• Healthy fats: Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils and foods such as avocados provide fats. Fats are also needed for the absorption of certain vitamins and for several normal body functions.
  
• Fibre: Whole grains, pulses, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds are useful sources of dietary fibre. Fibre supports digestive health and can also help with blood glucose and cholesterol management.
  

No single food needs to provide every nutrient. A varied diet that includes different food groups is more likely to provide a broad range of essential nutrients.

Common Nutritional Deficiencies

Nutritional deficiencies occur when the body does not receive enough of a particular nutrient over a period of time. They can develop due to inadequate dietary intake, increased nutritional requirements, poor absorption of nutrients or certain health conditions.

Some common nutritional deficiencies include:

• Iron deficiency: Iron is needed to make haemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood. Iron deficiency can lead to anaemia and may cause symptoms such as tiredness, weakness and reduced concentration.
  
• Vitamin B12 deficiency: Vitamin B12 is important for red blood cell formation and normal nervous system function. It is found naturally mainly in animal-based foods, so people following vegetarian or vegan diets may need to pay particular attention to their intake.
  
• Vitamin D deficiency: Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium and supports bone and muscle health. The body can produce vitamin D through exposure to sunlight, while certain foods and fortified products also provide it.
  
• Calcium deficiency: Calcium is essential for bones and teeth and also contributes to normal muscle and nerve function. Dairy products, certain fortified foods, tofu, some leafy vegetables and other foods can provide calcium.
  
• Folate deficiency: Folate is important for DNA production and cell division and is particularly important during pregnancy. Green leafy vegetables, pulses, beans and fortified foods are among its sources.
  
• Iodine deficiency: Iodine is required for the production of thyroid hormones, which help regulate several body functions. Iodised salt is an important source of iodine in the diet.

A varied diet can help meet nutritional requirements, but some people may need dietary assessment or supplementation based on individual needs.

What are the Best Foods to Include in a Healthy Indian Diet?

A healthy Indian diet does not need to follow one particular regional cuisine or food pattern. The focus can be on combining these food options in a way that provides dietary variety and adequate nutrition.

Some good food choices for a healthy Indian diet include:

• Whole grains: Whole wheat, brown rice, oats, barley and millets can provide carbohydrates and fibre.
  
• Pulses and legumes: Dal, rajma, chana, chickpeas, peas and other legumes are useful sources of protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals.
  
• Vegetables: Seasonal and locally available vegetables can add fibre, vitamins and minerals to meals.
  
• Fruits: Whole fruits provide fibre, vitamins and minerals and can be included as part of meals or snacks.
  
• Dairy foods: Milk, curd and yoghurt can provide protein and calcium.
  
• Nuts and seeds: Almonds, walnuts, peanuts, flaxseeds, chia seeds and other nuts and seeds provide healthy fats, protein and other nutrients.
  
• Eggs and lean meats: Eggs, fish, chicken and other lean animal-based foods can provide high-quality protein along with nutrients such as vitamin B12 and iron.
  

Portion sizes and nutritional needs vary from person to person. A balanced Indian meal can therefore be built around a combination of food groups rather than relying heavily on one type of food.

How Much Salt, Sugar and Processed Food Should You Have?

Salt, sugar and processed foods can form part of a diet, but excessive intake can affect overall dietary quality. Paying attention to how often these foods are consumed and how much they contribute to the daily diet can support healthier eating.

The World Health Organization recommends limiting salt intake to less than 5 grams per day for adults, which is equivalent to less than about one teaspoon of salt. This includes salt from all sources, not just the amount added during cooking or at the table.

For free sugars, the WHO recommends limiting intake to less than 10% of total daily energy intake, with further benefits when intake is reduced to below 5%. Free sugars include sugars added to foods and drinks as well as those naturally present in honey, syrups and fruit juices.

Processed foods vary considerably. Some, such as minimally processed frozen or canned foods, can still be nutritious. Highly processed foods that are high in salt, added sugar or unhealthy fats are better consumed less frequently.

What are Simple Healthy Eating Habits to Follow Every Day?

Healthy eating does not have to involve complicated meal plans. Small, consistent habits can make it easier to maintain a varied and balanced diet as part of everyday life.

Some practical healthy eating habits include:

• Plan Meals: Decide what to eat in advance so that meals are more likely to include a variety of food groups.
  
• Build Balanced Plates: Include vegetables, a source of protein, whole grains or other carbohydrates, and healthy fats where appropriate.
  
• Keep Healthy Options Available: Stock fruits, nuts, seeds, yoghurt, roasted pulses or other nutritious foods for convenient choices.
  
• Read Food Labels: Check serving sizes and compare the amounts of added sugar, salt and saturated fat in packaged foods.
  
• Control Portions: Serve reasonable portions and take more only if still hungry.
  
• Eat Regularly: Avoid skipping meals frequently, which can lead to overeating later.
  
• Prepare Food at Home: Cook more often when possible to have greater control over ingredients and portion sizes.
  
• Make Gradual Changes: Replace less nutritious choices step by step instead of trying to change the entire diet at once.
  
• Drink Water: Keep water available and choose it more often than sugary drinks.
  
• Eat Mindfully: Slow down, pay attention to hunger and fullness cues, and avoid eating automatically while distracted.

These habits can be adapted according to cultural preferences, dietary choices, budget and individual nutritional requirements.

When Should You Consult a Nutritionist or Dietitian?

A nutritionist or dietitian can help assess dietary intake and identify areas where nutritional needs may not be adequately met. You should consult a dietitian in cases of:

• Diagnosed Deficiency: A confirmed nutritional deficiency may require dietary changes and guidance on suitable food sources or supplements.
  
• Medical Conditions: Conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, high blood pressure or heart disease may require specific dietary changes.
  
• Food Allergies: A dietitian can help plan a nutritious diet that avoids foods that trigger allergic reactions.
  
• Food Intolerances: Dietary guidance can help manage intolerances while ensuring adequate nutrient intake.
  
• Vegetarian Diets: Professional guidance can help ensure adequate intake of nutrients such as protein, iron, vitamin B12 and calcium.
  
• Pregnancy: Increased nutritional requirements during pregnancy may require changes to the usual diet.
  
• Weight Management: A dietitian can help develop an appropriate eating plan for healthy weight gain or weight loss.
  
• Restricted Diets: Multiple food restrictions can make it difficult to meet nutritional requirements and may require professional dietary planning.
  

A healthcare professional can recommend appropriate tests when a deficiency is suspected and advise on supplementation when necessary.

Final Words

National Nutrition Week is a reminder to pay attention to the quality of the diet and recognise when dietary choices may need professional guidance. For those who have concerns about their nutritional intake, deficiencies or diet-related health needs, consulting a qualified dietitian can help identify the right approach. Book a consultation with a dietitian at Sterling Hospitals for guidance based on individual nutritional needs.

It is a common misconception that physiotherapy is needed only after an injury or surgery, which makes its role in healthcare seem narrower than it really is. In reality, physiotherapy extends beyond just aiding recovery. However, not everyone is aware of its wider roles. To help raise awareness of these roles and their importance in supporting better mobility and health, World Physiotherapy Day is observed every year on 8 September. This article explores World Physiotherapy Day, including why it is observed and how physiotherapy contributes to physical health and mobility.

History and Significance of World Physiotherapy Day

World Physiotherapy Day is observed every year on 8 September to recognise the contribution of physiotherapy and physiotherapists to healthcare. The date marks the anniversary of the founding of the World Confederation for Physical Therapy in 1951, which is now known as World Physiotherapy. The day provides an opportunity to highlight the profession and its role in helping people maintain, regain and improve physical function.

The significance of the day goes beyond recognising the profession itself. It helps draw attention to the broader role of physiotherapy in healthcare, particularly at a time when it is still often associated mainly with recovery after injuries or surgery. By promoting greater understanding of physiotherapy, the day encourages people to recognise when professional support may be appropriate for mobility, physical function and other health-related concerns.

Theme for World Physiotherapy Day 2026

The theme for World Physiotherapy Day 2026 is "The role of physiotherapy and physical activity in the prevention, management, and rehabilitation of cardiovascular disease and stroke." The theme highlights the important role physiotherapy can play across different stages of cardiovascular health, from reducing risk through physical activity to supporting people who are living with cardiovascular disease or recovering after a stroke.

The theme also draws attention to the connection between physical activity and cardiovascular health. Regular, appropriate physical activity is an important part of reducing cardiovascular risk, while physiotherapy can support people who have limitations that make movement or exercise difficult. For people recovering from a stroke, physiotherapy can also form an important part of rehabilitation by working on movement, balance, strength and physical function.

What are the Different Roles Of Physiotherapy?

Physiotherapy or physical therapy, serves several purposes in healthcare, depending on a person's condition, physical limitations and stage of recovery. Some of the key roles of physiotherapy include:

Rehabilitation

Physiotherapy plays an important role in rehabilitation after injuries, surgeries, illnesses and other conditions that affect physical function. It helps restore movement, strength, balance and mobility so that a person can gradually return to everyday activities.

Pain Management

Physiotherapy can be part of managing pain associated with musculoskeletal and other physical conditions. Pain management focuses not only on reducing pain but also on improving movement and addressing physical factors that may contribute to discomfort.

Mobility Improvement

When pain, stiffness, weakness or illness affects movement, physiotherapy can help improve mobility. Physiotherapy exercises and movement-based techniques can work on flexibility, strength, balance and coordination to make everyday movement easier.

Injury Prevention

Physiotherapy also has a preventive role. A physiotherapist can assess movement patterns, muscle strength, flexibility and other physical factors that may increase the risk of injury, then recommend appropriate exercises and movement strategies.

Condition Management

Physiotherapy can form part of the ongoing management of conditions that affect movement and physical abilities. Regular rehabilitation and exercise may help maintain function and manage physical limitations associated with certain chronic or neurological conditions.

Health Conditions Managed With Physiotherapy

Physiotherapy can form part of the management and rehabilitation of many conditions that affect movement, strength, balance, coordination or physical function. Common health conditions where physiotherapy may have a role include:

Musculoskeletal Conditions

Physiotherapy is commonly used for conditions affecting the muscles, bones, joints, ligaments and tendons. These include back pain, neck pain, arthritis, joint stiffness, tendon problems, sprains and muscle strains. Treatment may focus on improving movement, strength and flexibility while helping manage pain.

Neurological Conditions

Conditions affecting the nervous system can lead to problems with movement, balance, coordination and muscle control. Physiotherapy may form part of rehabilitation for conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and certain spinal cord disorders.

Cardiovascular Conditions

Physiotherapy also has a role in rehabilitation for certain cardiovascular conditions. It can support physical activity and exercise as part of rehabilitation, with the programme adapted according to the person's medical condition and physical capacity.

Respiratory Conditions

Some respiratory conditions can affect exercise tolerance, mobility and the ability to remain physically active. Physiotherapy may form part of rehabilitation for certain respiratory conditions through breathing techniques, physical activity and exercise-based approaches.

Sports Injuries

Physiotherapy can support recovery from ligament injuries, muscle strains, tendon injuries, joint injuries and other sports-related problems. Rehabilitation can help restore strength, mobility and movement patterns before a return to physical activity.

Signs You Should Consult a Physiotherapist

Certain changes in movement, strength or physical function may suggest that a physiotherapy assessment could be useful.  Below are some of the common signs that should prompt one to consult  a physiotherapist:

• Persistent Pain: Pain that continues for an extended period, keeps returning or starts interfering with work, exercise, sleep or routine activities may require assessment.

• Reduced Mobility: Difficulty walking, climbing stairs, bending, reaching or moving a joint through its usual range can indicate restricted mobility that may benefit from physiotherapy.

• Ongoing Stiffness: Stiffness that does not improve with normal movement or makes it harder to perform everyday activities may be a reason to consult a physiotherapist.

• Muscle Weakness: Weakness in a limb or muscle group that affects walking, lifting, standing, balance or other routine movements can require assessment and targeted rehabilitation.

• Balance Problems: Frequent unsteadiness, difficulty maintaining balance or repeated falls may indicate problems with strength, coordination or movement that need to be assessed.

• Slow Recovery: If strength, mobility or physical function does not return as expected after an injury, surgery or illness, physiotherapy may form an important part of recovery.

• Recurrent Injuries: Repeated sprains, strains or similar injuries, especially in the same area, may be linked to underlying weakness, restricted movement or problematic movement patterns.

• Movement Difficulties: Difficulty performing basic movements such as getting up from a chair, walking, changing positions or reaching for objects may indicate a decline in physical function that warrants assessment.

Final Thoughts

This World Physiotherapy Day, help spread awareness by sharing reliable information about physiotherapy, encouraging others to seek appropriate care when needed, and talking about the wider role physiotherapy can play in health and rehabilitation. If pain, stiffness, weakness or mobility difficulties are affecting daily activities, consult a physiotherapist at Sterling Hospitals for an appropriate assessment. They can help identify the underlying physical limitations, assess movement and function, and determine an appropriate course of physiotherapy based on individual needs.

Living with PCOD can be distressing, especially when it starts to affect everyday wellbeing or plans for the future. The good news is that with the right medical guidance, informed choices and lifestyle changes, PCOD can often be effectively managed. That said, understanding the condition is an important first step towards taking better control of your health. To help, in this article, we’ll discuss all you need to know about this condition, including its symptoms, causes, and treatment pathways. 

What is PCOD?

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) or Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) - the newer terminology proposed for the condition - is a hormonal disorder in which the ovaries may produce higher-than-normal levels of certain hormones, particularly androgens. This hormonal imbalance can interfere with the normal release of eggs from the ovaries, leading to irregular menstrual cycles and other symptoms. PCOD can also be associated with symptoms such as acne, excess facial or body hair, weight gain and difficulty becoming pregnant.

How is PMOS Different From PCOD / PCOS?

Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) is the new name for the condition previously known as PCOS. The name was changed through an international consensus process in May 2026 to better reflect the condition's hormonal, metabolic and reproductive effects, rather than focusing primarily on the ovaries and the term “polycystic”. 

PMOS and PCOS, therefore, refer to the same condition, with PMOS being the newer terminology. PCOD is also commonly used interchangeably with PCOS, particularly in India, so the terms may appear different even though they are generally being used to refer to the same underlying condition. The name change does not represent a change in the established approach to diagnosis or management. 

What Causes PCOD?

The exact cause of PCOD is not known. However, the condition is thought to develop from a combination of hormonal, genetic and metabolic factors that affect how the ovaries function. These factors can interfere with normal ovulation and contribute to the symptoms associated with PCOD. Some of the factors linked to PCOD include:

• Hormonal Imbalance: Women with PCOD may have higher levels of androgens, often referred to as male hormones, than usual. This can interfere with the development and release of eggs from the ovaries. Higher androgen levels may also contribute to acne, excess facial or body hair and scalp hair thinning.

• Insulin Resistance: Insulin helps the body use glucose for energy. When cells become less responsive to insulin, the body may produce more insulin to compensate. Higher insulin levels can stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens, which can further interfere with ovulation and contribute to other PCOD symptoms.

• Genetic Factors: PCOD tends to occur more often among women who have a close family member with the condition. This suggests that certain genetic factors may increase the likelihood of developing PCOD, although having a family history does not mean that the condition will definitely develop.

• Weight And Metabolic Factors: Excess body weight and metabolic changes may be associated with PCOD and can contribute to insulin resistance and hormonal imbalance. However, PCOD can affect women of different body weights, so weight alone does not cause the condition.

• Lifestyle Factors: Low physical activity and an unhealthy diet do not directly cause PCOD, but they may contribute to insulin resistance and other metabolic changes that can worsen its symptoms. Regular physical activity and a balanced diet can therefore form an important part of managing the condition.

What are the Symptoms of PCOD?

PCOD can affect women differently, and not everyone experiences the same symptoms or severity. Some women may notice changes in their menstrual cycle first, while others may seek medical advice because of skin, hair, weight or fertility concerns. Common symptoms of PCOD include:

• Irregular Periods: Hormonal changes can interfere with ovulation, causing periods to occur less often, become unpredictable or stop for several months. Some women may also experience heavier or longer periods when they do occur.

• Acne and Oily Skin: Higher androgen levels can increase oil production in the skin, which may lead to persistent acne, particularly on the face, chest or back.

• Excess Hair Growth: Increased androgen levels can cause coarse, dark hair to grow on areas such as the face, chest, abdomen or back. This is known as hirsutism.

• Hair Thinning: Hormonal changes may also contribute to thinning hair on the scalp, particularly around the crown or parting.

• Weight Changes: Some women with PCOD experience weight gain or find it difficult to lose weight. This can be associated with insulin resistance and other metabolic changes linked to the condition.

• Difficulty Conceiving: PCOD can interfere with regular ovulation, which may make it harder to become pregnant. However, having PCOD does not mean that pregnancy is not possible.

• Darkened Skin: Some women may develop darker, thicker patches of skin, particularly around the neck, underarms or groin. This can be associated with insulin resistance.

• Mood Changes: Hormonal and metabolic changes associated with PCOD may be linked with mood changes, anxiety or low mood in some women.

How Does PCOD Affect The Body?

PCOD involves hormonal and metabolic changes that can affect how the ovaries function and how the body responds to insulin. These changes can have effects beyond the symptoms that are visible or immediately noticeable, including:

Ovulation

PCOD can disrupt the normal process of ovulation. Higher androgen levels and altered hormone signalling can prevent ovarian follicles from developing and releasing an egg regularly. As a result, ovulation may become infrequent or absent, which can affect menstrual cycles and fertility.

Hormonal Balance

The hormonal changes associated with PCOD can affect the balance between androgens and the hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle. Higher androgen levels can interfere with normal ovarian function, while changes in hormones involved in ovulation can make the menstrual cycle irregular.

Insulin Response

Many women with PCOD have some degree of insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond as effectively to insulin. The pancreas may compensate by producing more insulin. Higher insulin levels can stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens, creating a cycle that can further disrupt ovulation.

Metabolic Health

The metabolic changes associated with PCOD can increase the likelihood of developing conditions such as high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels and high blood pressure. The risk varies between individuals and can be influenced by factors such as family history, weight and physical activity.

Reproductive Health

Irregular ovulation can make conception more difficult because an egg may not be released consistently. However, PCOD does not mean that pregnancy is impossible. With appropriate management, many women with PCOD can conceive.

Overall Health

PCOD is not limited to menstrual or reproductive concerns. Over time, the associated hormonal and metabolic changes may increase the risk of conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Regular monitoring can help identify these risks early and address them appropriately.

PCOD and Fertility

PCOD can affect fertility mainly by causing irregular or absent ovulation, which means an egg may not be released regularly for fertilisation. This can make it harder to predict the fertile window and may increase the time it takes to conceive. However, PCOD does not mean infertility, and many women with the condition can become pregnant with appropriate management. If pregnancy does not occur, further fertility evaluation and treatment may be considered based on the individual's needs.

How is PCOD Diagnosed?

PCOD does not have a single test that can confirm the condition. A doctor usually considers the menstrual history, symptoms, physical findings and test results together, while also ruling out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms. The diagnostic approach may include:

Medical History

The doctor asks about menstrual patterns, changes in weight, acne, excess hair growth, hair thinning and difficulty conceiving. A family history of PCOD or other hormonal conditions may also be considered.

Physical Examination

A physical examination may look for signs associated with hormonal changes, such as excess facial or body hair, acne, scalp hair thinning or darkened skin. Weight and blood pressure may also be checked as part of the overall assessment.

Blood Tests

Blood tests may be used to assess hormone levels and identify hormonal imbalances. Tests may also check blood glucose and cholesterol levels to assess metabolic health. Additional tests may be recommended to rule out other conditions that can cause similar symptoms.

Pelvic Ultrasound

A pelvic ultrasound can examine the ovaries and uterus and may show multiple small follicles in the ovaries. It can also help rule out other structural causes of menstrual irregularities. An ultrasound finding alone does not confirm PCOD, so it is considered alongside the other clinical findings.

How is PCOD Treated?

Medical treatment for PCOD focuses on managing hormonal changes, regulating menstrual cycles, controlling symptoms and supporting ovulation when pregnancy is planned. Common medical approaches include:

Birth Control Pills

Hormonal birth control pills may help regulate menstrual cycles and reduce the effects of excess androgens. They can also help manage acne and unwanted hair growth and protect the lining of the uterus when periods are infrequent.

Insulin-Sensitising Medicines

Medicines that improve the body's response to insulin may be recommended for women with insulin resistance or certain metabolic concerns. They may also help improve menstrual regularity and ovulation in some women.

Anti-Androgen Medicines

These medicines help reduce the effects of excess androgens and may be used when symptoms such as unwanted facial or body hair, acne or scalp hair thinning are a concern. Medical supervision is important because some of these medicines are not suitable during pregnancy.

Ovulation Medicines

For women with PCOD who are trying to conceive, medicines that stimulate ovulation may help encourage the regular release of an egg. The choice of medicine depends on individual factors and the response to treatment.

Also Read: Understanding Bleeding During Pregnancy

Managing PCOD Through Lifestyle

Lifestyle changes can support hormonal balance, metabolic health and symptom management in women with PCOD. Some practical approaches include:

• Eat a  Balanced Diet: Include vegetables, fruits, whole grains, lean proteins and healthy fats in regular meals. Limit highly processed foods and foods high in added sugar to support healthy blood sugar levels.

• Stay Physically Active: Regular exercise can improve insulin sensitivity, support weight management and help regulate metabolic health. A combination of aerobic activities and strength training can be useful.

• Maintain a Healthy Weight: For women who are overweight, even modest weight loss may help improve insulin sensitivity, menstrual regularity and ovulation. However, PCOD can affect women at different body weights, so weight management should focus on overall health.

• Get Enough Sleep: Aim for 7 to 9 hours of quality sleep each night. A consistent sleep schedule can also support metabolic and hormonal health.

• Manage Stress: Chronic stress can affect overall well-being and may make it harder to manage PCOD symptoms. Regular exercise, relaxation techniques, hobbies and adequate rest can help manage stress.

Manage PCOD With Medical Guidance

PCOD can affect women differently, so its management depends on the symptoms, hormonal changes and health concerns involved. A gynaecologist can assess these factors and recommend appropriate treatment and lifestyle measures to help manage the condition over time. Consult a gynaecologist at Sterling Hospitals for an evaluation and guidance on managing PCOD.

Every year, lakhs of people around the world take their lives, many of whom have been experiencing deep emotional pain for a long time, without knowing how to express it or ask for help. This is why World Suicide Prevention Day is observed globally as a reminder that suicide is preventable and that timely support can save lives. In line with this purpose, this article explores how starting conversations and knowing how to offer support can contribute to suicide prevention. Let’s start by learning a bit more about the day. 

History and Significance of World Suicide Prevention Day

World Suicide Prevention Day is observed every year on 10 September to raise awareness about suicide and encourage efforts to prevent it. The day was established in 2003 by the International Association for Suicide Prevention (IASP) in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). Since then, it has provided an opportunity for governments, healthcare organisations, communities and individuals to come together to promote suicide prevention and encourage conversations around mental health and suicide.

The significance of the day goes beyond raising mental health awareness. It aims to reduce the stigma surrounding suicide, encourage people to seek and offer support, and promote understanding of the factors that can contribute to suicide risk. By creating space for open and compassionate conversations, World Suicide Prevention Day highlights that recognising distress and connecting people with appropriate support can be important steps in prevention.

World Suicide Prevention Day Theme 2026

The theme for World Suicide Prevention Day 2026 is “Changing the Narrative on Suicide”, with the associated call to action “Start the Conversation.” The theme encourages a shift away from silence, stigma and misunderstanding towards more open, honest and compassionate conversations about suicide. It highlights the importance of creating spaces where people can talk about their experiences without fear of judgement, while encouraging individuals and communities to recognise distress, offer support and help people connect with appropriate care.

Signs Someone May Need Help

Suicidal distress does not always look the same, and a person may not directly say that they are thinking about suicide. Paying attention to noticeable changes in their emotions, behaviour and interactions can help identify when they may be struggling. Some signs to look out for include:

• Withdrawing: Spending less time with family or friends, avoiding social interaction or losing interest in activities they previously enjoyed.

• Feeling Hopeless: Expressing feelings of hopelessness, helplessness, being trapped or believing that things will not get better.

• Mood Changes: Showing significant changes in mood, such as persistent sadness, anxiety, irritability, anger or emotional distress.

• Behaviour Changes: Changes in sleep, eating habits, personal care, daily routines or other behaviours that seem unusual for the person.

• Feeling a Burden: Frequently expressing that others would be better off without them or that they are a burden to family or friends.

• Saying Goodbye: Saying goodbye in an unusual or final-sounding way, giving away meaningful belongings or putting personal affairs in order.

• Talking About Suicide: Mentioning suicide, wanting to die or feeling that there is no reason to live. Even indirect comments about not wanting to be here should be taken seriously.

The key point is not to look for one specific sign. A noticeable change from someone's usual behaviour, particularly when several signs appear together, can be a reason to reach out, listen without judgement and encourage them to seek appropriate support.

How Can You Support Someone Who May be Having Suicidal Thoughts?

Supporting someone who may be experiencing suicidal thoughts starts with taking their distress seriously and creating a space where they feel safe enough to talk. The aim is not to solve everything in one conversation, but to listen, stay connected and help them reach appropriate support. Here are some ways to offer support:

• Start The Conversation: Choose a calm, private setting and gently ask how they have been feeling. If there is concern about suicide, it is appropriate to ask directly whether they are thinking about suicide.

• Listen Without Judgement: Give them time to speak without interrupting, blaming or dismissing what they are feeling. Simple responses that acknowledge their pain can help them feel heard.

• Take it Seriously: Do not dismiss statements about suicide as attention-seeking or assume the person does not mean what they say. Any expression of suicidal thoughts deserves attention.

• Stay Connected: Continue checking in and, when possible, avoid leaving someone alone if there is an immediate concern about their safety.

• Encourage Professional Help: Help them connect with a mental health professional, doctor or another appropriate source of support. Offering to accompany them or help arrange an appointment may make it easier to seek help.

The most important thing is to stay present, listen and help the person connect with support. 

How To Start The Conversation

Starting a conversation about suicide can feel difficult, especially when there is a fear of saying the wrong thing. The goal is not to find perfect words, but to approach the person with genuine concern. Some ways to begin include:

• Choose a Quiet Setting: Find a private, calm place where the person is likely to feel comfortable speaking openly.

• Share Your Concern: Start with what has been noticed, such as, “I’ve noticed that you haven’t seemed like yourself lately. How have you been feeling?”

• Ask Directly: If there is concern about suicide, ask clearly and calmly, “Are you thinking about suicide?” Asking directly does not increase the risk of suicide.

• Listen Carefully: Let the person speak without interrupting, judging or immediately trying to offer solutions. Give their feelings the attention they deserve.

• Acknowledge Their Feelings: Simple responses such as “That sounds really difficult” can show that their experience is being heard and taken seriously.

• Offer Support: Ask what would help and encourage the person to speak with a mental health professional or another trusted source of support.

• Keep Checking In: Continue reaching out after the initial conversation. Ongoing contact can help the person feel supported rather than alone.

What To Avoid Saying

When someone opens up about suicidal thoughts, even a well-intended response can make them feel dismissed, judged or less willing to talk. Avoid statements that minimise their distress, place blame on them or suggest that they should simply overcome what they are experiencing. Some examples include:

• “Others Have It Worse”: Comparing their situation with someone else's problems can make their pain feel unimportant.

• “Think Positive”: Telling someone to stay positive can dismiss the severity of what they are experiencing.

• “You Have So Much To Live For”: Although intended to reassure, this can make the person feel guilty for having suicidal thoughts.

• “Just Get Over It”: This can make severe emotional distress sound like something that should be easy to overcome.

• “Don’t Think About It”: Telling someone to stop thinking about suicide does not address the distress behind those thoughts.

• “You’re Doing This For Attention”: Labelling suicidal thoughts as attention-seeking can increase shame and make someone less likely to ask for help.

• “Promise Me You Won’t Tell Anyone”: Keeping suicidal thoughts secret can prevent the person from receiving the support they may need, particularly when there is an immediate safety concern.

The Role Of Mental Health Support

A conversation can help someone open up, but professional support can provide the structured care needed when suicidal thoughts are present or keep returning. Mental health professionals can help in several important ways:

Assess Suicide Risk

A mental health professional can talk with the person about their suicidal thoughts, feelings and circumstances to understand the level of risk. This can include assessing whether there is an immediate danger, whether the person has a plan or intent, and what support is available around them.

Identify Underlying Causes

Suicidal thoughts can occur in the context of different mental health and life challenges. Professional support can help identify concerns such as depression, anxiety, trauma, substance use, relationship difficulties, grief or overwhelming stress that may be contributing to the person's distress.

Provide Psychological Support

Therapy can provide a safe and non-judgemental space to talk about difficult thoughts and emotions. Depending on the person's needs, a mental health professional may use evidence-based psychological approaches to help manage distress, develop coping skills and address patterns of thinking that may be worsening emotional pain.

Help Create a Safety Plan

When there is a risk of suicide, a mental health professional can work with the person to create a safety plan. This may include identifying personal warning signs, coping strategies, people who can provide support and ways to access professional or emergency help if suicidal thoughts become more intense.

Prescribe Medications

When an underlying mental health condition contributes to suicidal distress, medication may be considered as part of treatment. A psychiatrist or other qualified healthcare professional can assess whether medication is appropriate and monitor its effects over time.

Provide Ongoing Care

Suicidal thoughts may change over time, which is why continued support can be important. Regular follow-up allows mental health professionals to monitor progress, adjust treatment when needed and provide additional support if distress or suicide risk increases.

Suicide Prevention Starts With Conversations About Mental Health

Talking about mental health can make it easier for people to express difficult emotions before they become overwhelming. This could include something as simple as asking someone how they have been feeling, listening without judgement and taking changes in their behaviour seriously. However, if you find yourself or someone you love struggling mentally, it is best to seek professional help and consult a psychiatrist. At Sterling Hospitals, our psychiatrists can help assess the underlying mental health concerns, understand the severity of the symptoms and recommend appropriate treatment and support.

A persistent fever, particularly when accompanied by indigestion, should not be ignored. In some cases, it could be a sign of typhoid fever, which, if left untreated, can lead to serious complications. This makes it important to understand the symptoms of typhoid fever and recognise when medical evaluation may be needed. To help, in this article, we’ll discuss the causes and symptoms of typhoid fever, how the infection is diagnosed, and the available treatment pathways. Let’s start by understanding the condition. 

What is Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid fever is an infection that can affect several parts of the body, particularly the digestive system and bloodstream. It develops when Salmonella Typhi enters the body and multiplies, eventually spreading beyond the intestines through the bloodstream.

The infection can cause a range of symptoms, with persistent fever being one of the most common. Other symptoms may include headache, weakness, abdominal pain, loss of appetite and changes in bowel movements. Symptoms may develop gradually and can become more severe if the infection is not treated.

What Causes Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella Typhi, a bacterium that infects the intestinal tract and can spread into the bloodstream. The infection is mainly transmitted through the faecal-oral route, when food or water becomes contaminated with the faeces of a person who has the infection or carries the bacteria. Common ways the infection can spread include:

• Contaminated Water: Drinking water from an unsafe or contaminated source can introduce Salmonella Typhi into the body. Water can also become contaminated when sanitation systems are inadequate or sewage enters drinking water supplies.

• Contaminated Food: Food can become contaminated when it is prepared or handled with unwashed hands, particularly by someone who has typhoid or carries the bacteria without obvious symptoms.

• Poor Hand Hygiene: Inadequate handwashing after using the toilet can allow the bacteria to spread to food, surfaces or other people.

• Poor Sanitation: Inadequate sewage disposal and sanitation can allow faecal matter to contaminate water, food and the surrounding environment, increasing the risk of transmission.

• Infected Carriers: Some people continue to carry and shed Salmonella Typhi after recovering from typhoid fever. If proper hygiene is not maintained, they can unknowingly transmit the bacteria to others.

This makes safe food and water, proper sanitation and regular handwashing important for reducing the spread of typhoid fever.

What are the Symptoms of Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid fever symptoms usually develop gradually, often beginning with a fever that becomes higher over several days. The symptoms can vary from person to person and may become more pronounced as the infection progresses. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent Fever: Fever is one of the most characteristic symptoms of typhoid fever. It may start mildly and gradually increase, often reaching a high temperature as the infection progresses.

• Headache: A persistent or recurring headache may occur along with the fever and general feeling of illness.

• Weakness and Fatigue: The infection can cause marked tiredness, weakness and reduced energy, which may persist during the illness.

• Abdominal Pain: Discomfort or pain in the abdomen may occur as the infection affects the digestive system.

• Loss of Appetite: Reduced appetite is common and may be accompanied by nausea or a general feeling of being unwell.

• Diarrhoea or Constipation: Changes in bowel movements can occur. Some people develop diarrhoea, while others may experience constipation.

• Nausea and Vomiting: Nausea can occur during the infection and, in some cases, may be accompanied by vomiting.

• Dry Cough: A dry cough may develop, particularly during the early stages of the illness.

• Skin Rash: Some people develop small, faint, rose-coloured spots on the chest or abdomen. These spots are not present in everyone with typhoid fever.

How is Typhoid Fever Diagnosed?

Since typhoid fever can cause symptoms similar to other infections, symptoms alone cannot confirm the diagnosis. A doctor considers the symptoms, then recommends appropriate laboratory tests that detect Salmonella Typhi. The main tests include:

Blood Culture

Blood culture is an important test for detecting Salmonella Typhi in the bloodstream and is generally preferred for confirming acute typhoid fever. A blood sample is examined in a laboratory to check for bacterial growth. However, the blood test may not detect every infection, particularly if antibiotics have already been taken.

Stool Culture

A stool sample can be tested for Salmonella Typhi. The test may detect bacteria being shed through the intestines, but it is generally less useful than blood culture for diagnosing an acute infection.

Bone Marrow Culture

Bone marrow culture can be more sensitive than blood culture, including in some people who have already taken antibiotics. However, it requires an invasive procedure and is therefore not routinely used for every suspected case.

Widal Test

The Widal test detects antibodies against certain Salmonella antigens. However, the test has limitations and may produce false-positive or false-negative results. A Widal test result is therefore not used on its own to confirm typhoid fever.

Are the Typhoid Test Results Always Accurate?

No. Typhoid tests can sometimes give false-positive or false-negative results, meaning the result may not accurately reflect whether a person has an active Salmonella Typhi infection. The likelihood of this can vary depending on the test used, the stage of the infection and whether antibiotics have already been taken.

False-Positive Results

A false-positive result means the test suggests typhoid fever is present when the person does not actually have an active infection. This is particularly a concern with the Widal test, as antibodies detected by the test may be present because of a previous infection, vaccination or exposure to related bacteria. This is one reason a positive Widal result should not be considered proof of typhoid on its own.

False-Negative Results

A false-negative result means the test does not detect typhoid even though the person has the infection. This can happen with blood culture if the bacterial count in the blood is low, particularly early in the illness. Taking antibiotics before the sample is collected can also reduce the chance of detecting Salmonella Typhi.

What Can Affect Results?

Several factors can influence the accuracy of typhoid testing, including:

• Stage Of Infection: The amount of bacteria or antibodies detectable can change as the illness progresses.

• Prior Antibiotics: Antibiotics taken before testing can reduce the amount of bacteria available for detection.

• Test Used: Different tests have different levels of sensitivity and specificity.

• Sample Quality: How and when the sample is collected can also affect the result.

Therefore, a negative test does not always rule out typhoid, particularly when symptoms and other clinical findings continue to suggest the infection

How is Typhoid Fever Treated?

The choice of typhoid fever treatment depends on the severity of the infection, antibiotic resistance and the person's overall health. Treatment may include:

Antibiotic Therapy

Antibiotics are the primary treatment for typhoid fever. The choice of antibiotic depends on the susceptibility of the bacteria and local patterns of antibiotic resistance. The prescribed course should be completed even if symptoms improve before the treatment ends.

Fluid Replacement

Fluid replacement helps manage dehydration caused by fever, diarrhoea or vomiting. Oral rehydration solutions may be sufficient for mild dehydration, while intravenous fluids may be needed when dehydration is severe or oral fluids cannot be tolerated.

Supportive Care

Rest, adequate nutrition and medicines to control fever or other symptoms may be recommended alongside antibiotic treatment. Supportive care helps the body recover while the antibiotics address the underlying infection.

Hospitalisation

Severe typhoid fever or complications may require treatment in a hospital. This allows close monitoring and may involve intravenous antibiotics or fluids, particularly when there is severe dehydration, persistent vomiting, intestinal complications or other signs of serious illness.

Conclusion

Typhoid fever can become serious if left untreated, so symptoms such as those mentioned above, particularly a persistent fever, should not be ignored. Prompt treatment with the appropriate antibiotics can help clear the infection and reduce the risk of complications. Consult an internal medicine specialist at Sterling Hospitals, who can help determine the cause of the fever and recommend the right treatment.

The monsoon brings much-needed relief from the summer heat, but it also increases the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses. One such illness is dengue fever - a serious health concern that can progress quickly and lead to severe, life-threatening complications. This makes it important to know the signs and symptoms of dengue to help ensure timely medical attention. Read on to learn all you need to know about dengue fever, including its symptoms, warning signs of severe dengue, treatment options, and ways to prevent the infection.

What is Dengue Fever?

Dengue fever is a viral infection caused by the dengue virus and mainly spread through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti. It can affect people of all ages and is more common in tropical and subtropical regions, where these mosquitoes thrive. The infection can cause symptoms ranging from a mild fever and body aches to severe illness requiring urgent medical care.

What Causes Dengue Fever?

Dengue fever is caused by the dengue virus, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. These mosquitoes become infected after biting a person who has the dengue virus and can then transmit the virus to another person through subsequent bites.

Dengue is not spread directly from person to person through casual contact. Mosquito breeding can increase where stagnant water is present, as Aedes mosquitoes can lay their eggs in small amounts of collected water.

What are the Symptoms of Dengue Fever?

Dengue fever can cause a range of symptoms, and their intensity may vary from person to person. Common symptoms of dengue fever include:

• High Fever: Dengue often begins with a sudden high fever, which may reach around 40°C (104°F). The fever can last for several days and may be accompanied by other symptoms.

• Severe Headache: A strong headache is common during dengue infection. Some people may also experience pain or discomfort behind the eyes, which can become more noticeable when moving the eyes.

• Muscle, Joint, and Bone Pain: Dengue can cause significant pain in the muscles and joints. This widespread body pain is one reason dengue is sometimes referred to as “breakbone fever.”

• Nausea and Vomiting: Nausea is common and may occur with or without vomiting. Persistent vomiting, particularly as the illness progresses, can be a warning sign that requires medical attention.

• Skin Rash: A reddish skin rash may appear during the course of the illness, often after the fever begins to improve. The appearance and extent of the rash can vary.

• Fatigue and Weakness: Feeling extremely tired or weak is common during dengue and can sometimes continue even after the fever has subsided.

• Mild Bleeding: Some people may develop mild bleeding, such as bleeding from the nose or gums, easy bruising, or small spots of bleeding under the skin.

• Abdominal Pain: Abdominal discomfort or pain can occur, particularly as the illness progresses. Severe or persistent abdominal pain should not be ignored, as it can be a warning sign of severe dengue.

What are the Warning Signs of Severe Dengue? 

Most people with dengue recover with proper care, but in some cases, the infection can become severe. Here is a list of warning signs 

• Severe Abdominal Pain: Persistent or intense pain or tenderness in the abdomen can be a warning sign of severe dengue.

• Repeated Vomiting: Frequent or persistent vomiting can lead to dehydration and may indicate that the illness is becoming more serious.

• Bleeding: Bleeding from the nose or gums, vomiting blood, blood in the stool, or unusually heavy menstrual bleeding should be taken seriously.

• Extreme Weakness or Restlessness: Unusual tiredness, weakness, restlessness, or irritability can occur as severe dengue develops.

• Difficulty Breathing: Breathing difficulties may occur when severe dengue causes fluid to build up in or around the lungs.

• Pale, Cold, or Clammy Skin: These can be signs of poor blood circulation and require immediate medical attention.

• Blood in Vomit or Stool: The presence of blood in vomit or stools can indicate internal bleeding and should be treated as an emergency.

If any of these warning signs appear, seek immediate medical attention rather than waiting for the symptoms to improve.

How is Dengue Diagnosed?

Dengue can sometimes look like other common viral infections, especially in the early stages, which is why it may not be immediately obvious without further evaluation. The diagnostic approach will include:

Medical Evaluation

A doctor will ask about the person's symptoms, when they started, and possible exposure to mosquitoes. A physical examination may also be done to look for signs such as fever, rash, abdominal pain, or bleeding.

Blood Tests

Blood tests can help confirm a dengue infection. Depending on the stage of the illness, a doctor may recommend tests that detect the dengue virus or its proteins or tests that detect antibodies produced by the body in response to the infection. A complete blood count (CBC) may also be done to check platelet and white blood cell levels and monitor how the illness is progressing.

How is Dengue Fever Treated?

Treatment of dengue fever mainly includes:

Fever-Reducing Medicines

Medicines may be used to help lower fever and relieve headaches and body aches. However, not all pain-relieving medicines are suitable during dengue, as some can increase the risk of bleeding. It is therefore important to take medicines only as recommended by a healthcare professional.

Oral Rehydration Solutions

Maintaining adequate fluid intake is an important part of dengue care. Oral rehydration solutions can help replace fluids and electrolytes lost through fever, sweating, vomiting, or reduced food and fluid intake. Water and other appropriate fluids may also be taken to help prevent dehydration.

Intravenous (IV) Fluids

If a person cannot drink enough fluids or develops significant dehydration, fluids may be given directly into a vein. IV fluids may also be used in hospital settings when dengue becomes severe, but they need to be carefully monitored because too much fluid can also cause complications.

Blood or Platelet Transfusions

Blood or platelet transfusions are not routinely needed for dengue. They may be considered in severe cases when there is significant bleeding or other specific medical indications. The decision is made by the treating medical team based on the person's condition and blood test results.

Hospitalisation for Severe Dengue

Severe dengue requires close medical monitoring and hospital care. Treatment may involve IV fluids, monitoring of blood pressure and blood counts, oxygen support when needed, and management of complications such as severe bleeding, shock, or organ problems.

How Can Dengue Fever be Prevented?

Preventing dengue mainly involves reducing exposure to infected mosquitoes and eliminating places where they can breed. Some simple steps that can help lower the risk of infection include:

• Remove Standing Water: Empty or cover containers that collect water, such as buckets, flowerpots, coolers, tires, and other items around the home.

• Use Mosquito Repellent: Apply a suitable mosquito repellent to exposed skin when spending time in areas where dengue is common.

• Wear Protective Clothing: Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, socks, and other clothing that covers exposed skin.

• Use Screens and Mosquito Nets: Keep doors and windows screened where possible, and use mosquito nets when needed for additional protection.

• Keep Your Surroundings Clean: Regularly clean water containers, clear drains, and remove items that can collect rainwater.

• Protect People With Dengue: People infected with dengue should avoid mosquito bites during the illness to prevent mosquitoes from picking up the virus and spreading it to others.

• Take Protection During the Day: Aedes mosquitoes can bite during the daytime, so mosquito protection should be used throughout the day, not only at night.

Conclusion

Now that you know about dengue fever, it is important not to ignore symptoms that may suggest an infection. If you develop a sudden high fever, severe body aches, headache, rash, or other symptoms associated with dengue, consult an internal medicine specialist at Sterling Hospitals. They can assess your symptoms and, if dengue is suspected, recommend the necessary blood tests to confirm the diagnosis. Seeking medical care at the right time can help ensure that you receive appropriate treatment and reduce the risk of serious complications.