Everything You Need to Know About Influenza (Flu)

Influenza, or flu, is a contagious respiratory illness caused by the influenza virus. It specifically infects the nose, throat, & sometimes the lungs. Its range can be mild to severe, and in some instances, particularly among vulnerable individuals, this infection can lead to severe complications like pneumonia or even death.

Unlike a common cold, which develops slowly, the flu hits suddenly with high fever, chills, body aches, fatigue, and a persistent cough. What makes the flu more concerning is how easily it spreads. It is transmitted mainly through droplets released when an infected person sneezes, coughs, or talks.

You can also catch it if you touch surfaces contaminated with the virus & then touch your face. While anyone can contract the flu, certain groups, such as young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and those with chronic health conditions, are more susceptible to complications.

General Symptoms of Influenza (Flu)

Flu symptoms tend to appear suddenly and can vary in severity. Here are the common signs to watch for:

• High fever (often above 100°F or 38°C)
• Chills and sweating, sometimes alternating
• Body and muscle aches, particularly in the back, arms, and legs
• Headache, often severe
• Fatigue or extreme tiredness that can last several days
• A dry, persistent cough that may worsen over time
• Sore throat or prickling feeling in the throat
• Runny or stuffy nose resembling cold-like symptoms
• Shortness of breath in more severe cases, especially in those with pre-existing conditions
• Loss of appetite or feeling weak
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea (though more common in children than adults)
  

Symptoms of Flu in Children

Children with the flu can exhibit different or additional symptoms from adults. Below are the key signs specific to children:

• High fever that can spike suddenly
• Chills and shivering spells
• Irritability or fussiness, often more than usual
• Fatigue or drowsiness—children may seem unusually tired
• Refusal to eat or difficulty drinking fluids
• Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea—more frequent in children
• Coughing and sore throat are similar to those of adults
• Runny or stuffy nose, often causing discomfort
• Ear pain or complaints about earache
• Fast or labored breathing—a sign that may indicate the flu is affecting the lungs
• Seizures or confusion in rare, severe cases

Diagnosing Influenza (Flu)

For many individuals, healthcare providers can make a diagnosis based on the patient's symptoms and physical examination, especially during flu season when cases are prevalent. Classic signs such as sudden fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, and fatigue often point to influenza.

However, because flu symptoms can overlap with other respiratory infections, like the common cold, COVID-19, or pneumonia, more precise testing may be necessary—especially for people at higher risk of complications.

The most common diagnostic tool is a rapid influenza diagnostic test (RIDT). This test involves taking a sample from the back of the throat or nose with a swab; results are usually available within 15 to 30 minutes. While quick, RIDTs are not always 100% accurate and may sometimes give false negatives.

For more definitive results, healthcare providers may use molecular tests like RT-PCR, which are more sensitive and reliable than RIDTs. These tests catch the genetic material of the influenza virus and can differentiate between flu strains (e.g., influenza A and B). The downside is that molecular tests may take longer to produce results, depending on the healthcare facility's resources.

More tests, such as chest X-rays or blood tests, might be ordered in hospitalized or high-risk patients to rule out complications like bacterial pneumonia. Doctors also often ask about recent exposure to people with the flu or known outbreaks to support their diagnosis.

Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential since early treatment with antiviral medications is most effective within the first 48 hours of symptom onset. Early detection also helps reduce the spread of the virus by encouraging isolation and other preventive measures.

Treatment of Influenza (Flu)

Treating the flu primarily involves relieving symptoms and, in some cases, using antiviral medications to shorten the duration and severity of the illness. For most healthy individuals, the flu resolves independently with adequate rest and home care.

However, those at higher risk—such as young children, older adults, pregnant women, or people with underlying health conditions—may need prompt medical intervention to avoid complications.

Home Care and Symptom Relief

• Rest: It's essential to give your body time to recover. Stay in bed if needed to conserve energy.
• Hydration: Drink fluids like water, herbal tea, or broth to prevent dehydration, especially if you have a fever, sweating, or diarrhea.
• Over-the-counter medications: Pain relievers like paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen can help reduce fever, headaches, and muscle aches. Avoid aspirin in children, as it can lead to Reye's syndrome, a rare but severe condition.
• Throat lozenges or warm saltwater gargles: These can soothe sore throats

Antiviral Medications

Antiviral drugs, like oseltamivir (Tamiflu), zanamivir (Relenza), or baloxavir (Xofluza), are available by prescription. These medications work best when taken within 48 hours of symptom onset.

They do not cure the flu but can reduce its severity, shorten recovery time, and prevent complications. Antivirals are especially recommended for high-risk groups and hospitalized patients.

Prevention

Get the Vaccine

The flu vaccine is the most effective way to protect yourself. It helps your immune system recognize and fight the virus. Since the influenza virus evolves yearly, getting a new vaccine before each flu season begins in the fall is essential.

The flu shot cannot give you the flu. It can prevent the illness or reduce symptoms if you catch the virus despite vaccination.

Protect Yourself From the Flu

Simple habits can reduce your chances of getting the flu. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, & mouth, as this is how germs spread. Wearing a face mask offers an additional layer of protection. Wash your hands frequently with soap & water, or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer when soap isn't available.

If you're feeling unwell, protect others by isolating yourself. When sneezing or coughing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue. If no tissue is available, use the inside of your elbow to avoid contaminating your hands.

Keep Babies and Children Safe

Flu symptoms are tough for adults but even harder for young children and infants, who are at a higher risk for complications. Talk to your healthcare provider about flu vaccination for children aged six months and older. Influenza poses a greater risk to them than the common cold.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare provider immediately if symptoms worsen or persist—such as breathing difficulties, chest pain, or confusion. Children with high fever, difficulty drinking fluids, or signs of dehydration should also receive prompt medical attention.

Hospitalization and Further Care

In severe cases, especially with complications like pneumonia, patients may require hospitalization for oxygen therapy, intravenous fluids, or additional treatment.

Early treatment helps recovery and prevents the virus from spreading to others, reducing the overall burden of flu.

Conclusion

Influenza is a contagious respiratory illness that can lead to severe complications, especially in vulnerable individuals. Recognizing the symptoms early & seeking timely treatment can significantly improve recovery.

Home care, rest, and over-the-counter remedies will be sufficient for most people to manage symptoms. However, antiviral medications are crucial for those at higher risk, helping to reduce the severity and duration of the illness when started early.

Prevention remains the best defense against the flu. Annual vaccination, good hygiene practices, and staying home when feeling unwell are vital in limiting its spread. Being informed about flu symptoms and knowing when to seek medical help empowers patients to manage the disease effectively and minimize the risk of complications.

With awareness and prompt action, individuals and families can safely navigate flu season, protecting themselves and their communities.

Sterling Hospital is Your Partner in Better Health Across Gujarat

At Sterling Hospital, we provide the utmost care and comfort throughout your journey to a healthier life. We've got you if you are looking for the best pulmonologist in Vadodara, Rajkot, or Gandhidham. Our pulmonary department is built with a team of the best pulmonologists in these regions to provide premium treatment and the best results. Contact Sterling Hospital to schedule a consultation and embark on a journey towards a healthier future.